Geoff Bottrill
Explosion Protection Instrumentation and Control
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Geoff Bottrill Explosion Protection Instrumentation and Control
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Hazardous Area
Course Module List
A Course comprises a series of ‘modules’. Each module consists of a logical sequence of relevant topics. Each topic is defined and explained within the context of the module. Topics are further divided into sub-topics in order to explain concepts in greater detail. These may be introduced as necessary so that each module may be varied according to the delegates general level of understanding and their starting point. The system allows course building from the very basics through to a high level of detail. Modules sometimes overlap in content. Where overlapping modules are used in the same course the content duplication is removed as necessary. The course content and approach is always being improved and so this list is not fixed or definitive. Suggestions are always welcomed for the clarification or addition to this list and the course generally.
Main Module Listing Ex Concept Basics of Electric Basics of Flammability Properties of Gasses and Vapours Area Classification Concepts Earthing and Bonding Types of protection (Summary) Certification Standards Marking Legal (UK) Legal (Eire) Legal (Other Countries) ATEX (UK) General requirements of Installation General requirements of Maintenance General requirements of Inspection Approach to Fault finding Repair of Ex Apparatus Types of Protection d, e, n, p, o, q, m, s and i (Detailed module for each method)
Main Module Topics
Explosion Protection Concept Ex Explosion Protection Definitions Awareness of the need for Explosion Protection History of Explosion Protection Legal position
Methods of Explosion Protection
Basics of Electricity Definitions and Terminology
Electricity as a source of ignition
Flammability The Fire Triangle Concentration
Other Relevant Properties of Flammable Gases
Properties of Flammable Materials Ignition by heat and energy Properties of flammable materials Vapours gasses and dusts Ignition levels Comparisons
Area Classification Concepts Classification System Purpose Classification Concepts Definitions Release of Gasses
Zoning
Apparatus Grouping Temperature Classification Area Classification Hazard Area Classification Typical Examples Industry Standards International practice Divisions versus Zones
Types of Protection (Summary) Short-form Methods of Explosion Protection Philosophy Separation:
General construction
Containment
Energy Limiting
Special
Comparison Instrumentation View of Ex Protection
Certification Certification Authorities Notified Bodies Examination of apparatus Types of Certification Certification Approval Types of Certificates
Conditions of use of apparatus Special Conditions Application for certification
Standards The role of Standards ISO Definition of Standards Current British Standards European Standards IEC Other Dominant Standards
Marking of Ex Apparatus Labelling and Marking Requirements Standards Grouping T Rating
Earthing and Bonding Earthing terminology Hazardous area considerations Personnel Safety Power distribution Static electricity
Clean and Dirty Earthing
Power faults with IS apparatus Sneak paths Connection of earthing systems. Typical Earthing arrangement IS earth specification IS Earth Installation IS Earth Testing 500V Isolation Test Power supply systems Offshore earthing Earthing Skid Packages Earthing of Battery Systems. IS Earthing on Ships Portable equipment using Batteries Earthing arrangement standard solutions Earth Loops Computer earthing Surge Protection systems
General Requirements of Installations Introduction to Installation requirements BS5345 Status IEC79-14: Standard Contents PD60079-14 in UK Other relevant installation Standards and Codes General requirements for all types of Protection Documentation Selection of electrical apparatus IEC79-14 Requirements for Zone 2 Supply systems SELV and PELV Systems Emergency switch-off and electrical isolation Wiring systems
General requirements of Inspection Integrity ‘preserved’ Scope of IEC79-17 Inspection types Periodic
Planning
The Insulation Test Requirements summary
Maintenance General requirements Definitions Objectives of Maintenance Competency Training Detail IP Rating
Fault finding and repairs Fault-finding routine Safety assessment of testing Test equipment
Insulation testing The 500Vac Test Low voltage test
Type of Protection : Detail
Type of Protection ‘d’ Flameproof Definitions
Construction requirements Enclosure design Pressure Testing Pressure Piling Concepts Joints
Gaps Greases Cable Entry
Access to equipment Bolts for Joints Condition of Flamepaths Labeling and Marking Conditions of use Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘e’ Definitions Principle of design Component Certification Construction Requirements
Conditions of Use
Applications Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements Glanding Weatherproofing IP Rating
Type of Protection ‘n’ Definitions Non-Incendive Non-Sparking? Development Component Certification
Restrictions on Use Zone 2 only Additional Protection Concepts Application Wiring Safe Area approach Comparison with Ex e Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘p’ Definition Terminology Principles
Testing
Spark and Particle Barriers Zone of Use Secondary protection Variations
Type of Protection ‘q’ Definitions Principles Use in Components Applications Limitations Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘o’ Definitions Principles Concept Applications Testing Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘m’ Definitions Concept Types of Encapsulant Requirements Testing Applications Comparison with other methods Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘s’ Definitions Limitations Basic operation Examples of use Maintenance requirements Inspection requirements
Type of Protection ‘i’ Origins of Ex i Principles of IS Electrical Theory to explain IS Power Dissipation Energy Stored energy Energy limits Power limits Achieving limitation conditions Limiting Networks Component failure Infallibility Zener Diodes
Resistor (Current Limiting) Fuse Component Certification Implementation of IS The Shunt Diode Safety Barrier
Galvanic Isolation Component approval Isolation techniques Barrier Characteristics Safety Parameters Operational characteristics Polarity of barriers Multi-channel barriers Typical barrier channel data Combinations of barrier channels Safety Barrier Earthing Galvanic Isolation Application of Galvanic Isolators Barriers versus Isolators Associated Apparatus The Certified Interface: Electronic Current and Voltage Limiting: Electrical Apparatus in the Hazardous Area: Simple Apparatus Certified Hazardous Area Apparatus Mechanical implementation Enclosures Terminals Cable layout Temperature rating Ambient Temperature
Ex i Course Expansion Modules Systems The IS Systems Concept Apparatus Certification System certification System Documentation Assessment of safety Safety Description Combinations Entity parameters Matching Simple Apparatus Passive Simple Apparatus Other (non-passive) Simple Apparatus Simple Apparatus equivalence Non-energy Storing Examples of Documents Worked Examples Practical Examples
The "Additional requirements for type of protection "i" - Intrinsic Safety". Summary of IEC installation rules Practical aspects of IS installations Safe Area equipment Installation of Interfaces Cabling Crimping Segregation of cables Cable Conduits Cable Armouring and Screening Cable Parameters Multicore Cables Junction boxes Other considerations affecting installation
Ex i Applications Basics Terminology Objectives Associated Apparatus Certification Comments Barriers Verses Isolators
Status Inputs Switch Conventions
IS Switch Status Faults Logic Inputs to computers Switch transfer using Galvanic Isolators Switch input criticality
Proximity Switches Intrinsic Safety Aspects of Switches Summary of this section
Analogue applications High-level Signals The 4/20mA Transmitter Operational Characteristics Transmitter Operational Specifications: Smart Transmitters: Safety Parameters Marking Safety Assessment
Transmitter Loops with Interfaces Transmitter Loop concepts Entity parameters Operational parameters Safety parameter matching Single Channel Barriers
Two Channel Barrier solutions
Hazardous area connected conditioning resistor The Diode Return Barrier Technique Referencing "Common" Connections Galvanic Isolation
Applications Concepts Power supply connection to interfaces Supply Polarity of Barriers:
The Diode-return Barrier Channel:
High impedance inputs through Barriers: Star connection Loop powering
Temperature measurement to interfaces Thermocouples
Resistance Thermometry (RTDs)
I/O systems Fieldbus concepts Bussed systems Protection concepts Certification Integration
Strain Gauge Bridges Safety considerations Operation Excitation of Bridges 6-Wire SGB operation Galvanic Isolation and SGBs
Solenoid Valves Safety aspects Operational considerations
Other Ex i applications
Fault finding and testing General principles Safety assessment Procedures Interface testing
Certified Apparatus
IS Repair procedures
Inspection and Maintenance Ex i Additional requirements for type of protection "i" Testing Trends Useful data for collection Unauthorised Modification Earthing integrity verification BS5345 Clause 16 IEC 79-17 Geoff Bottrill |